Apple--Wikipedia



The apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, species Malus domestica in the rosefamily (Rosaceae). It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits, and the most widely known of the many members of genus Malus that are used by humans. Apples grow on small, deciduous trees. The tree originated in Western Asia, where its wild ancestor,Malus sieversii, is still found today. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe, and were brought to North America by European colonists. Apples have been present in the mythology and religions of many cultures, including Norse, Greek and Christian traditions. In 2010, the fruit's genome was decoded, leading to new understandings of disease control and selective breeding in apple production.
There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples, resulting in a range of desired characteristics. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including incooking, fresh eating and cider production. Domestic apples are generally propagated bygrafting, although wild apples grow readily from seed. Trees are prone to a number offungal, bacterial and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of organic and non-organic means.
The center of diversity of the genus Malus is in eastern Turkey. The apple tree was perhaps the earliest tree to be cultivated,[10] and its fruits have been improved through selection over thousands of years. Alexander the Great is credited with finding dwarfed apples in Kazakhstan in Asia in 328 BCE;[2] those he brought back to Macedonia might have been the progenitors of dwarfing root stocks. Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in Asia and Europe for millennia, as well as in Argentina and in the United States since the arrival of Europeans.[10] Apples were brought to North America with colonists in the 17th century,[2] and the first apple orchard on the North American continent was said to be near Boston in 1625. In the 20th century, irrigation projects in Washington state began and allowed the development of the multibillion dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading species.[2]
Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in frostproof cellars during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage.[11][12] In the 21st century, long-term storage again came into popularity, as "controlled atmosphere" facilities were used to keep apples fresh year-round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity and low oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness.[13]

The forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden


Adam and Eve
Showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin.
Albrecht Dürer, 1507
Though the forbidden fruit in the Book of Genesis is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that Eve coaxed Adam to share with her.[24] This may have been the result of Renaissance painters adding elements of Greek mythology into biblical scenes (alternative interpretations also based on Greek mythology occasionally replace the apple with a pomegranate). In this case the unnamed fruit of Eden became an apple under the influence of story of the golden apples in the Garden of Hesperides. As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. In Latin, the words for "apple" and for "evil" are similar (mālum "an apple", mălum "an evil, a misfortune"). This may also have influenced the apple becoming interpreted as the biblical "forbidden fruit". The larynx in the human throat has been called Adam's apple because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit sticking in the throat of Adam.[24] The apple as symbol of sexual seduction has been used to imply sexuality between men, possibly in an ironic vein.[24]


Nutrition

Apples, with skin (edible parts)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy218 kJ (52 kcal)
Carbohydrates13.81 g
- Sugars10.39 g
- Dietary fiber2.4 g
Fat0.17 g
Protein0.26 g
Water85.56 g
Vitamin A equiv.3 μg (0%)
Thiamine (vit. B1)0.017 mg (1%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2)0.026 mg (2%)
Niacin (vit. B3)0.091 mg (1%)
Pantothenic acid (B5)0.061 mg (1%)
Vitamin B60.041 mg (3%)
Folate (vit. B9)3 μg (1%)
Vitamin C4.6 mg (6%)
Calcium6 mg (1%)
Iron0.12 mg (1%)
Magnesium5 mg (1%)
Phosphorus11 mg (2%)
Potassium107 mg (2%)
Zinc0.04 mg (0%)
Percentages are relative to
US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Health benefits of apple consumption.[54][55][56][57]
The proverb "An apple a day keeps the doctor away.", addressing the health effects of the fruit, dates from 19th century Wales.[58] Research suggests that apples may reduce the risk ofcolon cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer.[54] Compared to many other fruits and vegetables, apples contain relatively low amounts of vitamin C, but are a rich source of other antioxidant compounds.[49] Apple'santioxidant property prevents the damage to cells and tissues. Studies have proven that apples contain abundant amounts of elastin andcollagen which help to keep the skin young.[59]The fiber content, while less than in most other fruits, helps regulate bowel movements and may thus reduce the risk of colon cancer. They may also help with heart disease,[60] weight loss,[60] and controlling cholesterol. The fibercontained in apples reduces cholesterol by preventing reabsorption, and (like most fruits and vegetables) they are bulky for their caloric content.[56][60] However, apple seeds are mildly poisonous, containing a small amount ofamygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside. It usually is not enough to be dangerous to humans, but can deter birds.[61]
There is evidence from laboratory experiments that apples possess phenolic compounds which may be cancer-protective and demonstrate antioxidant activity.[62] The predominant phenolic phytochemicals in apples are quercetin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2.[63]
Apple juice concentrate has been found to increase the production of the neurotransmitteracetylcholine in mice, providing a potential mechanism for the "prevention of the decline in cognitive performance that accompanies dietary and genetic deficiencies and aging." Other studies have shown an "alleviation of oxidative damage and cognitive decline" in mice after the administration of apple juice.[57] Researchers at the Chinese University of Hong Kong discovered that fruit flies who were fed an apple extract lived 10% longer than other flies who were fed a normal diet.[64]

References

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This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 edition of The Grocer's Encyclopedia.



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